G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz T\u00fcrk toplumu okuma ve yazmayla yak\u0131ndan ilgilenen, \u00f6ncelikleri aras\u0131nda okumaya yazmaya da yer veren bir toplum de\u011fil ve ge\u00e7mi\u015fte de b\u00f6yle olmad\u0131. Kitap, gazete, yaz\u0131l\u0131 ve bas\u0131l\u0131 \u015feyler bu toplumun ilgi alanlar\u0131n\u0131n en sonuncusunun bile kapsam\u0131na girmedi. Hilmi Yavuz\u2019un \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de nitelikli okurun say\u0131s\u0131 5 bini ge\u00e7mez!\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fc do\u011fruya epey yak\u0131n. Televizyon dizilerini izlemeye c\u00f6mert\u00e7e zaman harcayan insanlar kitap i\u00e7in hi\u00e7 vakit bulamad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebiliyorlar. Bug\u00fcn y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011frenim g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f gen\u00e7lerimiz aras\u0131nda bile \u00fc\u00e7 tane roman\u0131 tam olarak okumu\u015f olanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 son derece azd\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bu y\u00fczdendir ki \u00fclkemizde gazete, dergi ve kitap tirajlar\u0131 uygar \u00fclkedekilerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lamayacak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. N\u00fcfusu bizden \u00e7ok daha az Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkelerde tiraj\u0131 milyonu a\u015fan birka\u00e7 gazete varken bizde tiraj\u0131 milyonu a\u015fan tek bir gazete bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 75 milyon n\u00fcfuslu \u00fclkemizde g\u00fcnl\u00fck gazetelerin toplam tiraj\u0131 5 milyon civar\u0131nda. Bu, 15 ki\u015fiye bir gazete demektir. Bir\u00e7ok geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkede ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na bir veya daha \u00e7ok gazete d\u00fc\u015fer. Bizde haftal\u0131k, ayl\u0131k dergilerin tirajlar\u0131 ortalama 5 bin, kitaplar\u0131n ise 2-3 bin civar\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00f6yle bir \u00fclkede, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin geni\u015fletilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemde, kitaba ve genel olarak okumaya kar\u015f\u0131 ilgi ve sempatiyi \u00f6zendirmek gerekirken tam tersi uygulamalar\u0131n devreye sokulmas\u0131, ak\u0131l tutulmas\u0131 olay\u0131n\u0131n tipik \u00f6rne\u011fini te\u015fkil etmektedir.<\/p>\n
\u00c7ok k\u00f6t\u00fc bir imaj
\nT\u00fcrkiye, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn en k\u0131s\u0131r, en k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 oldu\u011fu devirlerde bile uluslararas\u0131 toplumun g\u00f6z\u00fcnde son kitap yok etme operasyonundaki kadar k\u00f6t\u00fc bir imaj \u00e7izmemi\u015ftir. Kahramanlar\u0131 iktidarda iken \u2018Turgut Nereye Ko\u015fuyor?\u2019, \u2018Musa\u2019n\u0131n G\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019, \u2018Takunyal\u0131 F\u00fchrer\u2019 gibi kitaplar\u0131n yay\u0131mlanabildi\u011fi bir \u00fclkede \u2018\u0130mam\u0131n Ordusu\u2019 ad\u0131nda bir kitap yay\u0131mlanam\u0131yorsa orada iktidar\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc de a\u015fan bir g\u00fc\u00e7 ve iradeden bahsetmek abes say\u0131lmamal\u0131. Dijital ortamlardan g\u00fcn y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na izin verilmemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan \u2018\u0130mam\u0131n Ordusu\u2019 adl\u0131 kitab\u0131n alt\u0131ndan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi y\u0131kmak gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir su\u00e7 da \u00e7\u0131ksa, ona y\u00f6nelik kitap d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 eyleminin bu \u00fclkenin imaj ve itibar\u0131na verdi\u011fi zarar\u0131 vermez. Kitap medeniyet demektir. Kitap ayd\u0131nl\u0131k demektir. Stefan Zweig kitab\u0131n ayd\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok g\u00fczel ifade etmi\u015ftir: \u201cHen\u00fcz hi\u00e7bir elektrikli \u0131\u015f\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131 incecik bir kitab\u0131nki kadar parlak bir ayd\u0131nl\u0131k yaratamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n
Kitap d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, medeniyet d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n zirvesidir. Kitaptan korkmak, bu nedenle kitaplar\u0131 toplay\u0131p yakmak veya ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc yok etmek \u015feklinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan kitap d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 istisnas\u0131z her devirde ilkelli\u011fin, \u00e7a\u011f d\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n, karanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n simgesi olmu\u015ftur. Tarihteki istisnas\u0131z b\u00fct\u00fcn ayd\u0131nl\u0131k devirler, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmenin, yazman\u0131n, kitab\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcr oldu\u011fu, sayg\u0131 duyuldu\u011fu devirlerdir. Sabahattin Ey\u00fcbo\u011flu\u2019nun deyimiyle, \u201cKitap bir zehir bile olsa panzehiri yine bir kitapt\u0131r\u201d. Onu yok etmek de\u011fil… Zaman\u0131m\u0131zda kitap d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 dendi\u011finde akla hep fa\u015fizm, nazizm, kom\u00fcnizm gibi totaliter rejimler geliyor. Oysa kitap d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tarihi k\u00f6kleri \u00e7ok derinlerdedir.<\/p>\n
Abbasilerden End\u00fcl\u00fcs\u2019e
\nAbbasi Halifeli\u011fi (751-1258) d\u00f6neminde ba\u015fkent Ba\u011fdat, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en zengin k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerine sahipti. \u0130lmi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ba\u015fka hi\u00e7bir yerinde g\u00f6r\u00fclemeyecek kadar yo\u011fundu. Gerek din bilimleri gerekse matematik, astronomi, fizik, kimya, tarih, co\u011frafya gibi m\u00fcspet ve sosyal bilimler \u00fczerinde har\u0131l har\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131l\u0131yordu. Bu arada Eski Yunan uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ait b\u00fct\u00fcn eserler Arap\u00e7aya \u00e7evriliyor, \u00fczerlerinde gerekli a\u00e7\u0131klama ve d\u00fczeltmeler yap\u0131larak onlardan yararlan\u0131l\u0131yordu. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar kitapla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yordu. Y\u00fcz binlerce cilt kitap ihtiva eden k\u00fct\u00fcphaneler olu\u015fmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n
B\u00fct\u00fcn medeniyetlerin oldu\u011fu gibi \u0130slam medeniyetinin de itici g\u00fcc\u00fc olan kitaplar iki b\u00fcy\u00fck darbeye, iki b\u00fcy\u00fck barbarl\u0131\u011fa hedef olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n ilki, 1258\u2019de vuku bulan Mo\u011fol istilas\u0131d\u0131r. Cengiz soyundan H\u00fclagu Han liderli\u011findeki istilac\u0131lar g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir barbarl\u0131kla b\u00fct\u00fcn Ba\u011fdat\u2019\u0131 ya\u011fmalam\u0131\u015flar; camileri, k\u00f6\u015fkleri, saraylar\u0131 yak\u0131p y\u0131km\u0131\u015flar; binlerce insan\u0131 k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7tan ge\u00e7irmi\u015fler; Ba\u011fdat k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerinde birikmi\u015f y\u00fcz binlerce cilt kitab\u0131 da Dicle Nehri\u2019ne d\u00f6km\u00fc\u015flerdir. Dicle Nehri bu sebeple haftalarca m\u00fcrekkep renginde akm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130kinci b\u00fcy\u00fck darbe ise 15. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131nda (1492) ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130spanya\u2019da yakla\u015f\u0131k sekiz y\u00fczy\u0131l s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f M\u00fcsl\u00fcman egemenli\u011fine \u0130mparator \u015earlken taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f zul\u00fcmlerle son verilirken bu medeniyetin v\u00fccuda getirdi\u011fi \u00e7ok de\u011ferli camiler, k\u00f6\u015fkler, saraylar tahrip edilmi\u015f; bu arada, Granada\u2019n\u0131n Bab\u00fc\u2019r-Remle Meydan\u0131\u2019nda da M\u00fcsl\u00fcman k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerinde birikmi\u015f bir milyon cilt kitap yakt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda, \u00fcnl\u00fc fizik\u00e7i Pierre Curie \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir: \u201cM\u00fcsl\u00fcman End\u00fcl\u00fcs\u2019ten bize otuz kitap kald\u0131, atomu par\u00e7alayabildik. \u015eayet yak\u0131lan bir milyon kitab\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131 kalsayd\u0131 \u00e7oktan uzayda galaksiler aras\u0131nda geziyor olacakt\u0131k.\u201d (Erol Toy, Cumhuriyet gazetesi, 30.7.1979. ) <\/strong><\/p>\n \u0130SMA\u0130L \u00d6ZCAN:(E\u011fitimci)<\/p>\n