\u0130lber Ortayl\u0131<\/p>\n
K\u00fct\u00fcphane nedir? Be\u015feriyetin haf\u0131zas\u0131d\u0131r. Baz\u0131 insanlar bilgisayar devrinin k\u00fct\u00fcphane ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve irfan\u0131 getirece\u011fini s\u00f6ylerler, bo\u015f lak\u0131rd\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn gece bilgisayarda bilgi edinmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak ancak g\u00f6z bozar. Kitap gibi bir sanat eserini -ki devirden devire de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir- \u00e7ivi yaz\u0131l\u0131 tableti, hiyeroglifli papir\u00fcs\u00fc, par\u015f\u00f6meni, el yazmas\u0131 ilk matbaa \u00f6rneklerini (incunable) veya modern bask\u0131 teknikleriyle bas\u0131lanlar\u0131 elden ge\u00e7irmek bir zevktir.<\/p>\n
Baz\u0131 ka\u011f\u0131t ve bask\u0131 as\u0131rlara dayanacakt\u0131r. Baz\u0131 cinsler ise bas\u0131m\u0131ndan 50 sene sonra elinize ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda ufalan\u0131r, i\u00e7erisindeki asit miktar\u0131na ve pa\u00e7avradan imal edilip edilmedi\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dcnl\u00fc bilgin Mez\u2019in \u201c\u0130slam\u2019\u0131n R\u00f6nesans\u2019\u0131\u201d adl\u0131, 1920\u2019lerde bas\u0131lan kitab\u0131n\u0131n sayfalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7eviremediydim, unufak oluyordu. K\u00fct\u00fcphaneciye haber verdim, foto\u011fraf servisine yollad\u0131lard\u0131. Hi\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphesiz, tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z eski k\u00fct\u00fcphaneler Mezopotamya k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne aittir. Tufan efsaneleri, G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f efsaneleri ve Mezopotamya h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n\u0131n tarihini anlatan al\u00e7ak ve y\u00fcksek kronoloji cetvelleri en dayan\u0131kl\u0131 malzemeye yani kil tabletlere \u00e7ivi yaz\u0131s\u0131 ile kaz\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sizin anlayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z, o zaman\u0131n matbaas\u0131 f\u0131r\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n
Se\u00e7kinler S\u00fcmerce okurdu<\/p>\n
Mezopotamya, Suriye ve g\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu\u2019nun Hitit h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n\u0131n resmi yaz\u0131\u015fma ar\u015fivleri yan\u0131nda k\u00fct\u00fcphaneleri de vard\u0131. \u00dcstelik Urfa\u2019n\u0131n Sultantepe kaz\u0131lar\u0131nda veya Hattu\u015fa\u015f ar\u015fivlerinde bulundu\u011fu gibi yerli halk\u0131n dilinden \u00e7ok ba\u015fka bir dilde tabletler vard\u0131: S\u00fcmerce… Bu dil Asuriler ve Keldaniler gibi Sami milletlerden de, Suriye\u2019nin Mari ve Ebla gibi \u015fehirlerinden konu\u015fulan dilden de tamamen ayr\u0131 k\u00f6kendeydi ama se\u00e7kinler S\u00fcmerce okurdu. Bu keyfiyet, ari dil konu\u015fan Hititlere de mahsustu. Hattu\u015fa\u015f ar\u015fivlerinde muhtelif dillerde efsaneler ve \u015fiirler vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Sava\u015flarda tahrip edildiler<\/p>\n
B\u00fct\u00fcn bu k\u00fct\u00fcphaneler tablete kaz\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in zaman\u0131m\u0131za ula\u015ft\u0131. Helenistik ve Roma d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n Bergama, Efes Celsus ve as\u0131l \u00f6nemlisi \u0130skenderiye gibi kitapl\u0131klar\u0131, ilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n hay\u0131flanmas\u0131 ve talebe milletinin \u201coh kurtulduk\u201d \u00e7ekmesi bahas\u0131na yok olmu\u015flard\u0131r. E\u011fer sonrakiler de Mezopotamyal\u0131lar gibi tablet kullansalard\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda kim bilir ne b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bilgi y\u00fck\u00fc olacakt\u0131. Eski d\u00fcnya sadece \u00e7ok okunan eserlerin defalarca kopya edilmesiyle muhafaza edilebilmi\u015ftir. Bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019nun klasik devir \u00f6ncesi \u0130yonya k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve felsefesi bize b\u00f6l\u00fck p\u00f6r\u00e7\u00fck par\u00e7alar halinde ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. B\u00fcy\u00fck Yunan filozoflar\u0131n\u0131n bile tam k\u00fclliyat\u0131na sahip de\u011filiz.<\/p>\n
\u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fct\u00fcphaneleri \u0130skenderiye modeline g\u00f6re kurulmu\u015flard\u0131r ve Romal\u0131lardan edinilen istinsah al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bug\u00fcn \u0130slam medeniyetinin \u00f6nemli eserlerini tevarus edebildik. Bilhassa Yunancadan ve Aramcadan (S\u00fcryanilerin dili) \u00e7evrilen eserlerle klasik d\u00fcnya Ortado\u011fu \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda ya\u015fad\u0131. \u0130ranl\u0131lar, Hintliler giderek T\u00fcrkler bu dile ve bu literat\u00fcre n\u00fcfuz edebildiler. Ayn\u0131 bilimsel literat\u00fcr, do\u011fulu Yahudilerin eliyle End\u00fcl\u00fcs ve \u0130talya\u2019da Latinceye de \u00e7evrildi. Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n k\u00fct\u00fcphaneleri ya h\u00fck\u00fcmdar saraylar\u0131nda yani \u015fatolarda ya da dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde herkes\u00e7e kabul edilen manast\u0131rlardayd\u0131. \u015eu be\u015feriyetin rezaletine bak, geli\u015ftiklerini iddia ettik\u00e7e daha da barbar oldular. As\u0131rlarca korunan ve zenginle\u015fen g\u00fcney \u0130talya\u2019daki Monte Casino manast\u0131r kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Harbi\u2019nin sonunda Nazi Almanya\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n \u0130talya\u2019daki savunma \u00fcslerinden biri haline getirildi. Yani g\u00fcneyden giren m\u00fcttefiklerin ilerlemesine kar\u015f\u0131 bir rehin, adeta bir hedef olarak tutuldu; ku\u015fatan taraf da manast\u0131r\u0131 bombalamakta fazla teredd\u00fct etmedi. Ne oldu\u011fu, kimler taraf\u0131ndan yok edildi\u011fi halen tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan \u0130skenderiye kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir cinayettir. Son Bosna sava\u015f\u0131nda Saraybosna\u2019daki Oryantal Enstit\u00fc S\u0131rp d\u00fc\u015fmanlar taraf\u0131ndan kasten tahrip edildi. Almanlar\u0131n Var\u015fova\u2019y\u0131 tahribi de benzer sorunlar yaratt\u0131.<\/p>\n
Bizdekileri d\u00fczeltmek \u015fart<\/p>\n
Osmanl\u0131 k\u00fct\u00fcphaneleri herkesin evinde, medrese h\u00fccrelerinde veya saraydayd\u0131. Topkap\u0131 Saray\u0131 m\u00fcze haline getirildi\u011finde saray\u0131n Harem\u2019den Enderun\u2019a kadar her h\u00fccresinden kitaplar \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7indeki ilk derli toplu k\u00fct\u00fcphane III. Ahmed\u2019inkiydi. 18\u2018inci asr\u0131n ilk \u00e7eyre\u011fine aittir. Ama bu bir\u00e7ok yerde kitap saklanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmez; nitekim 1924 y\u0131l\u0131nda Tahsin \u00d6z\u2019\u00fcn m\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc zaman\u0131nda saray\u0131n her k\u00f6\u015fesinden toparlanan bu kitaplar, i\u00e7lerinde adeta tesad\u00fcfen bulunan Piri Reis haritas\u0131 da d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere Enderun\u2019daki A\u011falar Camii\u2019nde bir araya getirildi. 17 bin adet yazman\u0131n \u015fark dillerinden garp dillerine zengin bir koleksiyonu i\u00e7erdi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k.<\/p>\n
18\u2019inci as\u0131rda payitaht \u0130stanbul\u2019da ve imparatorlu\u011fun \u00f6nemli \u015fehirlerinde vak\u0131f k\u00fct\u00fcphaneler kurulmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu k\u00fct\u00fcphaneler zarif yap\u0131lard\u0131 ve k\u00e2gir olarak in\u015fa edilmi\u015fti. \u0130stanbul\u2019da Koca Rag\u0131b Pa\u015fa, At\u0131f Efendi, \u0130smail A\u011fa, Nuruosmaniye gibi. Baz\u0131lar\u0131nda birka\u00e7 y\u00fcz kitap vard\u0131r, baz\u0131lar\u0131nda birka\u00e7 bin. Yak\u0131n zamanlarda muhafazas\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 olan bu k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerin baz\u0131 k\u0131ymetli yazmalar\u0131 \u0130stanbul\u2019da S\u00fcleymaniye\u2019de, Ankara\u2019da Milli K\u00fct\u00fcphane\u2019de bir araya getirildi. Avrupa modeline uygun ilk milli derleme k\u00fct\u00fcphanemiz Sultan Abd\u00fclhamid devrine ait Bayezid kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dcstad Re\u015fat Ekrem Ko\u00e7u\u2019nun nakline g\u00f6re, k\u00fct\u00fcphane a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcn birisi raflara bir tak\u0131m \u201cNaima Tarihi\u201d b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f, bu ilk ba\u011f\u0131\u015ftan itibaren de k\u00fct\u00fcphane zenginle\u015fmi\u015f.<\/p>\n
Bayezid \u00e7evresindeki k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerin unutulmayan m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc, kendi zihni de bir k\u00fct\u00fcphane olan \u0130smail Saib efendiydi. Eski tabirle haf\u0131z-\u0131 k\u00fctub (garp dillerinde \u201ccurator\u201d denilen) k\u00fct\u00fcphane m\u00fcd\u00fcrleri genellikle alim kimselerdi. Be\u015fir Ayvazo\u011flu, Sivas k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerinde o b\u00f6lgenin e\u015fraf\u0131ndan Rahato\u011fullar\u0131ndan gelen Ziya Ba\u015fara beyden bahsediyor. Her vilayetin b\u00f6yle \u00fcnl\u00fc kitap uzmanlar\u0131 vard\u0131. Bu aziz memlekete Millet K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi gibi bir hazineyi miras b\u0131rakan Ali Emiri Efendi hem Diyarbak\u0131r\u2019\u0131n hem \u0130stanbul\u2019un \u00fcnl\u00fc biblofillerindendi. Milli k\u00fct\u00fcphanemize kazand\u0131r\u0131lan \u201cDivan-\u0131 L\u00fcgat-it T\u00fcrk\u201d onun sayesinde bulundu ve Talat Pa\u015fa sayesinde bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Maarif Naz\u0131r\u0131 Emrullah Efendi de b\u00f6yle m\u00fctebahhir kitap d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcnlerindendi.<\/p>\n
B\u00f6yle giderse milli miras\u0131 koruyamay\u0131z<\/p>\n
Ankara\u2019da Milli K\u00fct\u00fcphane\u2019den daha \u00f6nemli bir kurum DTCF\u2019nin merkez k\u00fct\u00fcphanesiydi. Ak\u0131beti hakk\u0131nda konu\u015fmak istemiyorum. Onu da ge\u00e7en zaman i\u00e7inde bir\u00e7ok \u00fcniversitemizin k\u00fct\u00fcphanesi gibi ihmalin eritti\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de iyi k\u00fct\u00fcphaneler de kuruluyor. \u00dcsk\u00fcdar\u2019daki \u0130SAM (\u0130slam Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Merkezi K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi) hem zenginli\u011fi hem de kitap toplamas\u0131, ba\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmesi ve i\u015fleyi\u015fi itibar\u0131yla \u00f6rnektir. Ankara\u2019da da Bilkent \u00dcniversitesi kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Bu tip k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerin artmas\u0131 ve Milli K\u00fct\u00fcphane\u2019nin bibliyografya ne\u015friyat\u0131n\u0131n ve hizmetlerinin d\u00fczelmesi temennisiyle K\u00fct\u00fcphane Haftas\u0131 herkese kutlu olsun. Ama \u015funu bilelim, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin k\u00fct\u00fcphaneleri bu memlekette at\u0131l\u0131m yapan bir\u00e7ok kurumlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda zor yer al\u0131r. D\u00fczenlenmesi ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131r; ya d\u00fczeltiriz ya da bu kadar \u00fcniversiteye ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131ya hi\u00e7bir \u015fey sa\u011flayamay\u0131z, milli miras\u0131 da yeterince koruyamay\u0131z.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n