{"id":30608,"date":"2022-01-13T08:56:02","date_gmt":"2022-01-13T05:56:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bbyhaber.com\/bby\/?p=30608"},"modified":"2023-10-17T13:30:58","modified_gmt":"2023-10-17T10:30:58","slug":"okumanin-tarihi-uzerine-notlar-2-prof-dr-bulent-yilmaz","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bbyhaber.com\/bby\/2022\/01\/13\/okumanin-tarihi-uzerine-notlar-2-prof-dr-bulent-yilmaz","title":{"rendered":"Okuman\u0131n Tarihi \u00fczerine notlar-2 | Prof. Dr. B\u00fclent Y\u0131lmaz"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Okuma olgusu konusunda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f uzmanlar\u0131ndan olan Arjantinli yazar Alberto Manguel\u2019in yedi y\u0131lda olu\u015fturdu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi\u011fi \u201cOkuman\u0131n Tarihi\u201d*<\/a><\/em> adl\u0131 inceleme kitab\u0131n\u0131 okurken dikkatimizi \u00e7eken, \u00f6nemli ve ilgin\u00e7 buldu\u011fumuz, alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izdi\u011fimiz, yanlar\u0131na notlar d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz noktalar\u0131 i\u00e7eren ilk yaz\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n<\/a><\/strong> ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc de payla\u015fmak isterim.<\/p>\n

*<\/a>Alberto Manguel. (2015). Okuman\u0131n Tarihi. \u0130nceleme. \u00c7ev. F\u00fcsun Elio\u011flu.\u00a0 \u0130stanbul: Yap\u0131 Kredi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201c\u00d6mer Hayyam \u015fiirlerinin a\u00e7\u0131k havada, bir \u00e7arda\u011f\u0131n alt\u0131nda okunmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6neriyordu\u2026Saint Beuve, Mme. Stael\u2019in an\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u2018Kas\u0131m ay\u0131 a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda\u2019 okunmas\u0131n\u0131 sal\u0131k veriyordu\u2026. \u0130\u00e7eri\u011fin ger\u00e7ek tad\u0131 yakalanmak isteniyorsa, Ulysses<\/em>\u2019in yaln\u0131zca tuvalette okunabilir b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri vard\u0131r\u2026.\u201d(s. 188)<\/p>\n

\u201cRomal\u0131lar\u0131n, aralar\u0131nda okumak ve yazmak i\u00e7in olanlar\u0131 da dahil, de\u011fi\u015fik ama\u00e7lar i\u00e7in de\u011fi\u015fik yataklar\u0131 (lectus<\/em>) vard\u0131.\u201d (s.191)<\/p>\n

Francis Bacon: \u201cKimi kitaplar\u0131n tad\u0131na bak\u0131l\u0131r, di\u011ferleri yutulur, pek az\u0131 da iyice \u00e7i\u011fnenerek, sindirilir.\u201d (s.209)<\/p>\n

\u201cD\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc bin y\u0131l\u0131n sonuna do\u011fru, artan karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131ktaki bir toplumu, onun yasalar\u0131n\u0131 ve ticaretini d\u00fczenleyebilmek i\u00e7in insanlar aras\u0131ndaki ileti\u015fimi k\u00f6kten de\u011fi\u015ftirecek bir sanat bi\u00e7imi buldular: Yaz\u0131.\u201d (s.216)<\/p>\n

\u201cYaz\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla, ticari bir ama\u00e7 i\u00e7in yarat\u0131ld\u0131.\u201d (s.216)<\/p>\n

\u201cTabletlerde saklanan bilgi sonsuz miktarda olabilir\u2026.Oysa beynin kapasitesi s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d (s.216-217)<\/p>\n

\u201cOkuma ta ba\u015f\u0131ndan yana yazman\u0131n y\u00fcceltilmesidir.\u201d (s.218)<\/p>\n

\u201cEllerinde tuttuklar\u0131 t\u00fcm bu g\u00fc\u00e7ler Mezopotamyal\u0131 yaz\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 soylu ve se\u00e7kin bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n bireyleri yap\u0131yordu\u2026.\u0130rlandal\u0131 bir yaz\u0131c\u0131y\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek bir piskoposu \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye e\u015fde\u011fer su\u00e7 say\u0131l\u0131yordu. Babil\u2019de yaln\u0131zca \u00f6zel olarak yeti\u015ftirilmi\u015f ki\u015filer yaz\u0131c\u0131 olabiliyorlard\u0131.(s.219)<\/p>\n

\u201cTarihte bilinen en eski yazar bir kad\u0131nd\u0131r. M.\u00d6. 2300 dolaylar\u0131nda do\u011fmu\u015f olan, Akad kral\u0131 I. Sargon\u2019un k\u0131z\u0131 Prenses Enheduanna, Ay Tanr\u0131s\u0131 Nanna\u2019n\u0131n rahibesi, a\u015fk ve sava\u015f Tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131 Inanna i\u00e7in yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir dizi \u015fark\u0131n\u0131n bestecisi olan Enheduanna, tabletlerin sonuna imzas\u0131n\u0131 atard\u0131.\u201d(s.221)<\/p>\n

\u201cMezopotamyal\u0131lar ayaklar\u0131 \u0131slak kumlarda \u00e7iviyaz\u0131s\u0131na benzer izler b\u0131rakt\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00fcvercinleri kutsal sayd\u0131lar.\u201d (s.223)<\/p>\n

\u201cAttikal\u0131 ozan Menander, M.\u00d6. d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u00fczy\u0131lda, \u2018Okuyabilenler iki misli g\u00f6r\u00fcrler\u2019 demi\u015fti.\u201d (s.226)<\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender \u201c\u00d6yle tutkulu bir okurdu ki, elinde kitap olmadan g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc pek enderdi.\u201d (s.226)<\/p>\n

\u201cKraliyet buyru\u011funa g\u00f6re \u0130skenderiye liman\u0131na giren her gemi ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitaplar\u0131 k\u00fct\u00fcphaneye vermek zorundayd\u0131. Bu kitaplar\u0131n kopyalar\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r, (kimi zaman da kopya) sahibine geri verilirdi.\u201d (s.227)<\/p>\n

S\u00fcmerliler k\u00fct\u00fcphanecileri (katalog\u00e7ular\u0131)\u00a0 \u201cevreni d\u00fczenleyenler\u201d diye \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131rlard\u0131. (s.229)<\/p>\n

Callimachus\u2019un \u0130skenderiye K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi i\u00e7in se\u00e7ti\u011fi kataloglama-s\u0131n\u0131flama y\u00f6ntemi bir k\u00fct\u00fcphanenin mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn (envanterinin)\u00a0 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131ndan \u00e7ok, d\u00fcnya d\u00fczeninin kurgulanmas\u0131 gibidir. \u201cCallimachus k\u00fct\u00fcphaneyi sekiz ayr\u0131 konu \u00e7evresinde raflara ya da pinakoi<\/em>\u2019lere yani masalara ay\u0131r\u0131r: tiyatro, hitabet, \u015fiir, hukuk, t\u0131p, tarih, felsefe ve di\u011ferleri.\u201d (s.230)<\/p>\n

Onuncu y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130ranl\u0131 B\u00fcy\u00fck Vezir Abd\u00fcl Kas\u0131m \u0130smail, 117.000 kitapl\u0131k koleksiyonundan ayr\u0131lmamak i\u00e7in yolculuk s\u0131ras\u0131nda bunlar\u0131, alfabetik dizine g\u00f6re y\u00fcr\u00fcmeye al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f d\u00f6rt y\u00fcz deveye ta\u015f\u0131tt\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131.\u201d (s.232)<\/p>\n

\u201cAvrupa\u2019da kataloglama i\u015fleminin en erken \u00f6rne\u011fine on birinci y\u00fczy\u0131lda Le Puy Katedrali\u2019nde rastlan\u0131rsa da\u2026\u201d (s.232)<\/p>\n

\u201cAristoteles\u2019in Araplar taraf\u0131ndan benimsenmesi bir d\u00fc\u015f ile ba\u015flar. Dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131lda efsane kral Harun Re\u015fit\u2019in o\u011flu Halife Memun bir gece d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde\u201d Aristoteles\u2019i g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne inan\u0131r. \u201cAralar\u0131nda ge\u00e7en konu\u015fmada adam (Aristoteles) halifeden, o g\u00fcnden ba\u015flayarak, Ba\u011fdat Akademisi\u2019nde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n, \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131, Yunan filozofunun yap\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7evirmeye y\u00f6neltmeleri do\u011frultusunda emir vermesini ister.\u201d (s.235)<\/p>\n

Antik D\u00f6nemde \u201cYunan kad\u0131nlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda okuryazarl\u0131k oran\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011fundan, romanlar\u0131 onlara okuryazar k\u00f6leleri okurdu.\u201d (s.270)<\/p>\n

On dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda ulusal k\u00fct\u00fcphanelere giri\u015fte giyim kurallar\u0131 vard\u0131. (s.284)<\/p>\n

Lawrence S. Thompson bibliokleptomani<\/em><\/strong> olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitap h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u201cBat\u0131 Avrupa k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerinin tarihi kadar eskidir ve hi\u00e7 ku\u015fkusuz eski Yunan ve Ortado\u011fu\u2019ya kadar uzan\u0131r,\u201d der. (s.287)<\/p>\n

Okuma eylemi, kitap ile t\u00fcm duyular\u0131n kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ba\u011f kurmakt\u0131r. G\u00f6zler sayfadan s\u00f6zc\u00fckleri tan\u0131r; burun ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131n tan\u0131d\u0131k kokusunu duyar, tutkal\u0131n, m\u00fcrekkebin, karton ya da derinin kokusunu al\u0131r; eller ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131n kaba ya da yumu\u015fak kenar\u0131na dokunur. Parmaklar dile de\u011fince kitab\u0131n tad\u0131n\u0131 bile alabilir. (s.289)<\/p>\n

Dante halk dilinin Latinceden daha soylu oldu\u011funa y\u00f6nelik savunmas\u0131n\u0131 paradoksal bir bi\u00e7imde, Latince kaleme alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (s.296)<\/p>\n

On dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l, Avrupa genelinde, yazar dinletilerinin alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 oldu. \u0130ngiltere\u2019de g\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131 Charles Dickens\u2019t\u0131\u2026 Kendisinin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 okumalar\u0131n etkili olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in ger\u00e7ek bir u\u011fra\u015f veriyordu. Dickens sesi ve hareketleri i\u00e7in iki ay prova yap\u0131yordu\u2026 Okuma kitaplar\u0131n\u0131n sayfa bo\u015fluklar\u0131na, ama\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tonlama i\u00e7in \u201cNe\u015feli\u2026Ciddi\u2026Ac\u0131kl\u0131\u2026Gizemli\u2026H\u0131zl\u0131, h\u0131zl\u0131\u201d t\u00fcr\u00fcnden notlar d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. (s.301, 303)<\/p>\n

\u201c\u00c7eviri, kavrama ba\u011flam\u0131nda en \u00fcst eylem basama\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d (s.313)<\/p>\n

\u201cAra\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 ve yay\u0131mc\u0131 William Tyndale, 1536 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ncil\u2019i \u0130branice ve Yunancadan \u00e7evirdi\u011fi i\u00e7in bo\u011fazlanarak \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc ve yak\u0131ld\u0131. (s.319)<\/p>\n

G\u00fcney Carolina\u2019da, ister k\u00f6le, ister \u00f6zg\u00fcr t\u00fcm zencilere okuma \u00f6\u011fretilmesini yasaklayan kat\u0131 yasalar \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131ld\u0131. Bu yasalar on dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131na kadar ge\u00e7erli oldu\u2026 Afro-Amerikan k\u00f6leler okumay\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131llar s\u00fcren bir u\u011fra\u015f vererek, zorluklarla ve ya\u015famlar\u0131 pahas\u0131na \u00f6\u011frendiler\u2026G\u00fcneyde ba\u015fkalar\u0131na okuma \u00f6\u011fretmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan k\u00f6leleri asmak yayg\u0131n bir uygulamayd\u0131. (s.328)<\/p>\n

\u201cDiktat\u00f6rlerin y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r bildi\u011fi gibi, en kolay y\u00f6netilen topluluklar okuryazar olmayanlard\u0131r.\u201d (s.331)<\/p>\n

1981 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u015eili\u2019de, General Pinochet\u2019nin liderli\u011findeki cunta h\u00fck\u00fcmeti Don Quijote<\/em>\u2019yi yasaklad\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc generaller kitab\u0131n hem bireysel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe, hem de geleneksel otoriteye ba\u015fkald\u0131rmaya davetiye \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcndeydiler. (s.335)<\/p>\n

\u201cG\u00f6zl\u00fck asl\u0131nda g\u00f6rme g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00e7ekenlerin istedikleri zaman tak\u0131p \u00e7\u0131karabilecekleri g\u00f6zlerdir\u2026 G\u00f6zl\u00fck \u00e7o\u011fu kez entelekt\u00fceller, k\u00fct\u00fcphaneciler ve bilim adamlar\u0131 ile ilintilendirilmi\u015ftir\u2026 On d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u00fczy\u0131ldan sonra, g\u00f6zl\u00fck \u00e7ok say\u0131da tabloya eklendi. Ama\u00e7 resimdeki ki\u015finin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fkan ve bilge ki\u015fili\u011fini vurgulamakt\u0131.\u201d (s. 341, 345)<\/p>\n

\u201cNe mutlu ki, Okuman\u0131n Tarihi<\/em>\u2019nin bir sonu yok.\u201d (s.372)<\/p>\n

\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n

Bunlar bizim notlar\u0131m\u0131z. Kitab\u0131 sizler okudu\u011funuzda eminim \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 noktalar\u0131n da alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izeceksiniz. Bir k\u00fct\u00fcphanecinin mutlaka okumas\u0131 gereken bir yap\u0131t. \u00d6neririm.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130yi okumalar.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Okuma olgusu konusunda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f uzmanlar\u0131ndan olan Arjantinli yazar Alberto Manguel\u2019in yedi y\u0131lda olu\u015fturdu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi\u011fi \u201cOkuman\u0131n Tarihi\u201d* adl\u0131 inceleme kitab\u0131n\u0131 okurken dikkatimizi \u00e7eken, \u00f6nemli ve ilgin\u00e7 buldu\u011fumuz, alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izdi\u011fimiz, yanlar\u0131na notlar d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz noktalar\u0131 i\u00e7eren ilk yaz\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc de payla\u015fmak isterim. *Alberto Manguel. (2015). Okuman\u0131n Tarihi. \u0130nceleme. \u00c7ev. F\u00fcsun Elio\u011flu.\u00a0 \u0130stanbul: Yap\u0131 Kredi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":146,"featured_media":29427,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1502],"tags":[1460],"class_list":["post-30608","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-prof-dr-bulent-yilmaz","tag-kose-yazarlari"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bbyhaber.com\/bby\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30608"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bbyhaber.com\/bby\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bbyhaber.com\/bby\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bbyhaber.com\/bby\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/146"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bbyhaber.com\/bby\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=30608"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.bbyhaber.com\/bby\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30608\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":31142,"href":"https:\/\/www.bbyhaber.com\/bby\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30608\/revisions\/31142"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bbyhaber.com\/bby\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/29427"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bbyhaber.com\/bby\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30608"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bbyhaber.com\/bby\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=30608"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bbyhaber.com\/bby\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=30608"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}