{"id":17839,"date":"2015-11-14T11:08:53","date_gmt":"2015-11-14T09:08:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.bbyhaber.com\/bby\/?p=17839"},"modified":"2016-01-18T17:09:07","modified_gmt":"2016-01-18T15:09:07","slug":"4-milyona-yakin-makaleyi-acik-erisime-sunan-aktivist-aaron-swartz","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bbyhaber.com\/bby\/2015\/11\/14\/4-milyona-yakin-makaleyi-acik-erisime-sunan-aktivist-aaron-swartz","title":{"rendered":"4 milyona yak\u0131n makaleyi a\u00e7\u0131k eri\u015fime sunan aktivist-Aaron Swartz"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"Meslekta\u015f\u0131m\u0131z Zeki \u00c7elikba\u015f, internette bilgi \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile a\u00e7\u0131k eri\u015fimi savunan ve sans\u00fcr\u00fcn kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik eylemleriyle tan\u0131nan Aaron Swartz hakk\u0131nda ve a\u00e7\u0131k eri\u015fime dair g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz g\u00fcnlerde mesleki ileti\u015fim listemiz olan K\u00fct\u00fcp_L’de dile getirdi. A\u00e7\u0131k eri\u015fim ile ilgili ger\u00e7eklere de\u011finilen a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki yaz\u0131y\u0131 okuman\u0131z m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr:<\/p>\n

“A\u00e7\u0131k Eri\u015fim deyince kahraman\u0131m diyebilece\u011fim Aaron Swartz\u2019\u0131 ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini aktaraca\u011f\u0131m bu yaz\u0131y\u0131, ad\u0131na d\u00fczenlenen hafta sebebiyle sizlerle payla\u015f\u0131yorum. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki a\u00e7\u0131klamalar A\u00e7\u0131k Eri\u015fimde \u00f6nemli g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm bir ki\u015fiyi ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini tan\u0131tmak amac\u0131yla yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131m, yaln\u0131zca kendi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerimi i\u00e7eren bir yaz\u0131d\u0131r. Ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fum herhangi bir kurumun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini yans\u0131tmamaktad\u0131r. A\u00e7\u0131k Eri\u015fimden \u00e7ok bahsediyoruz fakat bu haraketin tarih\u00e7esini ve felsefesini ne kadar biliyoruz acaba? A\u00e7\u0131k eri\u015fim felsefesinin temelinde \u201cBilgiye eri\u015fim temel insan hakk\u0131d\u0131r\u201d d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi yatar. Internet\u2019ten de \u00f6nce g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde a\u00e7\u0131k eri\u015filebilebilen ar\u015fivlere benzer sistemler olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur[1]. 90\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda art\u0131k g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz ar\u015fivlerine \u00e7ok benzeyen sistemleri g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz fakat ilgin\u00e7 bir \u015fekilde hi\u00e7birinin ad\u0131nda \u201cOpen\u201d kelimesi ge\u00e7mez. Bu ifade ilk olarak 1999 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u201cOpen Archives Initiative\u201d kurulmas\u0131 ile g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr ve bundan sonra yay\u0131lmaya ba\u015flar. Peki bu haraketi b\u00fcy\u00fctenler kimlerdir?<\/p>\n

Ge\u00e7en hafta b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnya\u2019da Aaron Swartz G\u00fcn\u00fc kutland\u0131 ve devam\u0131nda Aaron Swartz Hackathon ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131. Yaln\u0131zca 26 y\u0131l aram\u0131zda ya\u015fayan bu dahi gen\u00e7 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u015fu an kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131; RSS feed, Creative Commons, A\u00e7\u0131k Eri\u015fim, Internet Archive ve Open Library\u2019in (ve k\u00fct\u00fcphanecilikle ilgili olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan burda saymad\u0131\u011f\u0131m daha ba\u015fka \u015feyler) olu\u015fumuna katk\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 15 ya\u015f\u0131nda hakemli bir dergide makalesi yay\u0131nlanan bir dahidir. Aaron Swartz kimi k\u00fct\u00fcphaneciler i\u00e7in bir h\u0131rs\u0131z kimisi i\u00e7in ise kahramand\u0131r. Wikipedia\u2019da \u201cbilgisayar programc\u0131s\u0131, bili\u015fimci yazar ve aktivist\u201d olarak ge\u00e7er. Evet ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131sa hayat\u0131 boyunca onu her zaman bizim ad\u0131m\u0131za meydanlarda g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fc. Aaron Swartz [2] hakk\u0131nda T\u00fcrk\u00e7e wikipedia\u2019da k\u0131sa bir bilgi var fakat \u0130ngilizce sayfas\u0131nda [3] ise kapsaml\u0131 bir hayat hikayesini bulmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn.<\/p>\n

Aaron Swartz hayat\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k eri\u015fime adam\u0131\u015f ve bu yolda \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u0130ronik bir \u015fekilde onu \u00fcnl\u00fc yapan eylemlerinden biri JSTOR<\/span><\/a><\/span> veritaban\u0131ndan \u00e7ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 (!) 4 milyon makaleyi halka a\u00e7mas\u0131d\u0131r. Dikkat ediyormusunuz burada bir k\u00f6ro\u011flu veya Robin Hood kahramanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yokmudur? Asl\u0131nda bu haraket inanm\u0131\u015flar\u0131n \u201cGaye arac\u0131 me\u015fru k\u0131lar\u201d felsefesi de\u011filmi? Aaron yollar gri, ye\u015fil veya k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 de\u011fildi o tam anlam\u0131 ile a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k i\u00e7in (Alt\u0131n Yol) sava\u015f\u0131yordu. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu eylem i\u00e7in MIT bilgisayarlar\u0131n\u0131 kulland\u0131, hakk\u0131nda davalar a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131 ve Amerikan gizli servisi t\u00fcm bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te onu gizli olarak izledi. Hernekadar MIT daha sonra bu davadan \u00e7ekildi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klasa da Aaron bu bask\u0131lara dayanamad\u0131 ve 11 Ocak 2013 tarihinde yaln\u0131zca 26 ya\u015f\u0131nda iken intihar etti. \u00d6m\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra Amerikan K\u00fct\u00fcphane Derne\u011fi (ALA) Aaron\u2019u James Madison \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc ile onurland\u0131rd\u0131[4]. Bak\u0131n\u0131z bu \u00f6d\u00fcl kimlere veriliyor; \u201cHalk\u0131n y\u00f6netime kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ve hakemli bilimsel yay\u0131nlar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k eri\u015fiminin a\u00e7\u0131k s\u00f6zl\u00fc savunucular\u0131\u201d<\/p>\n

Hem MIT hem Amerikan Kongresi Aaron\u2019un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra olay\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131ran komisyonlar kurdular ve t\u00fcm sonu\u00e7lar Aaron\u2019u aklar nitelikteydi. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda A\u00e7\u0131k Eri\u015fim\u2019in yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 asl\u0131nda MIT\u2019nin, CIA ve ABD Kongresinin Aaron\u2019a bir \u00f6zr\u00fc de\u011filmidir acaba? Burada k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir paragraf a\u00e7mak istiyorum, a\u00e7\u0131k eri\u015fim<\/strong>de son zamanlarda \u201cMakale \u0130\u015flem Bedeli\u201d (APC)<\/strong>[5] diye bir sa\u00e7mal\u0131ktan bahsediliyor. Zavall\u0131 Aaron neyseki bunlar\u0131 duymad\u0131 ama gene de \u015fimdi kemikleri s\u0131zl\u0131yordur. U\u011frunda \u00f6l\u00fcme gitti\u011fi halk\u0131n bilgiye sonsuz eri\u015fimi i\u00e7in<\/strong> \u015fimdi k\u00fct\u00fcphaneciler yay\u0131nevleri ile pazarl\u0131klar yap\u0131yorlar. Aaron insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00fcretti\u011fi t\u00fcm bilgiyi halka ko\u015fulsuz a\u00e7maktan bahsederken g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde sevgili arkada\u015flar\u0131m\u0131z ve sayg\u0131n k\u00fct\u00fcphaneciler yay\u0131nevlerinin onlara sundu\u011fu makale \u00fccretlerini nas\u0131l \u00f6deyelim diye \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler ar\u0131yorlar. K\u00fct\u00fcphaneciler l\u00fctfen silkinin ve ne yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131za bir bak\u0131n kazan\u0131lan bir sava\u015fta bir cephe kaybedilmek \u00fczere.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Aaron\u2019un 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cGerilla A\u00e7\u0131k Eri\u015fim Manifestosu\u201dnu[6] okumakta fayda var san\u0131yorum. D\u00fcn gece bunu T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye \u00e7evirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. Ne yaz\u0131k ki \u0130ngiliz\u2019cem \u00e7ok iyi de\u011fil, tam olarak de\u011fil fakat anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131 yazd\u0131m. Birisi daha iyi \u00e7evirirse okumaktan mutluluk duyar\u0131m.<\/p>\n

—————————————-
\nGerilla A\u00e7\u0131k Eri\u015fim Manifestosu<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bilgi g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr. Fakat t\u00fcm g\u00fc\u00e7ler gibi onu kendileri i\u00e7in saklamak isteyenler var. Dergiler ve kitaplarda y\u00fczy\u0131llardan beri yay\u0131nlanan d\u00fcnyan\u0131n t\u00fcm bilimsel ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrer misar\u0131 artan miktarda say\u0131salla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor ve \u00f6zel \u015firketler taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fleniyor. Bilimde en son geli\u015fmeleri i\u00e7eren makalelerimi okumak istiyorsun, Reed Elsevier gibi yay\u0131nc\u0131lara \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck paralar g\u00f6ndermen gerekiyor.<\/p>\n

Bunu de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele verenler var. A\u00e7\u0131k Eri\u015fim Haraketi bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n telif haklar\u0131n\u0131 tamamen vermemeleri i\u00e7in yi\u011fit\u00e7e sava\u015ft\u0131, sonu\u00e7ta \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n bir kopyas\u0131n\u0131n internette herkezin eri\u015fimine a\u00e7\u0131k olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Fakat en iyi senaryo ile bile bu gelecekteki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli olacakt\u0131r. \u015eimdiye kadar yap\u0131lanlar ise kaybolacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00f6demesi \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek bir bedeldir. Akademisyenleri i\u015farkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 okumak i\u00e7in para \u00f6demeye zorlamak? B\u00fct\u00fcn k\u00fct\u00fcphaneleri taramak fakat yaln\u0131zca bu bilgiye google\u2019dan eri\u015fmeye izin vermek? Bilimsel makalelere yaln\u0131zca Birinci D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n sayg\u0131n \u00fcniversitelerinde olanlar\u0131n eri\u015fmesi, Peki ya K\u00fcresel G\u00fcney\u2019de ya\u015fayan \u00e7ocuklar ne olacak? Bu \u00e7irkin ve kabul edilemez.<\/p>\n

\u201cKabul ediyorum,\u201d denilebilir, \u201cfakat ne yapabiliriz ki? \u015firketler telifleri ellerinde tutuyor, eri\u015fim i\u00e7in korkun\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarlar kazan\u0131yorlar, ve bu m\u00fckemmel bir \u015fekilde yasal. \u2013 Onlar\u0131 durdurmak i\u00e7in yapacak bir\u015feyimiz yok\u201d. Fakat yapabilece\u011fimiz baz\u0131 \u015feyler var, baz\u0131lar\u0131 ise zaten yap\u0131ld\u0131: Kavgaya geri d\u00f6nebiliriz.<\/p>\n

Bu kaynaklara eri\u015fimi olanlar \u2013 \u00f6\u011frenciler, k\u00fct\u00fcphaneciler, bilim insanlar\u0131 \u2013 size bir ayr\u0131cal\u0131k verilmi\u015ftir. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n geri kalan\u0131n\u0131n eri\u015femedi\u011fi bu bilgi ziyafetinin bileti sizin elinizdedir. Fakat bu yetkinli\u011fi yaln\u0131zca kendiniz i\u00e7in tutamazs\u0131n\u0131z. Bunu d\u00fcnya ile payla\u015fma g\u00f6reviniz var. Ve ne yapmal\u0131; \u015fifrelerinizi meslekda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131z ile payla\u015fabilir, arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131z i\u00e7in indirme yapabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n

Bu arada d\u0131\u015far\u0131da elleri kilitli olanlar bo\u015f bo\u015f duruyor de\u011filler. Sen yay\u0131nc\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan kilitlenen bilgiyi \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015ftirmek ve arkada\u015flar\u0131nla payla\u015fmak i\u00e7in elini ta\u015f\u0131n alt\u0131na koymak i\u00e7in \u00e7ekiniyorsun.<\/p>\n

Fakat t\u00fcm bu i\u015flemler karanl\u0131kta ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyor, gizli yeralt\u0131nda. Buna h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k veya korsanl\u0131k denilebilir, ahlaken bir geminin ya\u011fmalanmas\u0131, m\u00fcrettabat\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ile i\u00e7indeki bilgi hazinesinin payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ile e\u015fde\u011fer tutulabilir. Ama payla\u015f\u0131m ahlaks\u0131z de\u011fil \u2013 ahlaki bir zorunluluktur. Yaln\u0131zca a\u00e7g\u00f6zl\u00fcl\u00fck ile g\u00f6zleri k\u00f6r edilenler bir arkada\u015f\u0131n\u0131n kopya iste\u011fini reddedebilir.<\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck \u015firketler, tabiki, a\u00e7g\u00f6zl\u00fcl\u00fck ile k\u00f6r edilmi\u015ftir. Faaliyet g\u00f6sterdikleri alan\u0131n kanunlar\u0131 bunu gerektirir \u2013 Onlar\u0131n hissedarlar\u0131 az\u0131 i\u00e7in isyan ederler. Onlar ve politikac\u0131lar, ki onlara m\u00fcnhas\u0131r g\u00fcc veren yasalar\u0131 yapanlar yaln\u0131zca kimin kopyalayaca\u011f\u0131na karar veriyorlar.<\/p>\n

Haks\u0131z yasalar\u0131n takip edildi\u011fi yerde adalet yoktur. \u015eimdi ayd\u0131nlanma zaman\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck sivil itaatsizlik gelene\u011fimizle, muhalefet beyannamemizi bu halk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc h\u0131rs\u0131zlar\u0131na beyan edelim.<\/p>\n

Nerede saklan\u0131yorsa saklans\u0131n, bilgiyi almal\u0131y\u0131z, onu d\u00fcnya ile payla\u015fmak i\u00e7in kendi kopyam\u0131z\u0131 yapmal\u0131y\u0131z. Telif hakk\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda tutulan her\u015feyi almal\u0131 ve ar\u015five eklemeliyiz. Bizim gizli veritabanlar\u0131n\u0131 sat\u0131n almak ve web\u2019e koymam\u0131z gerekir. Bilimsel dergileri indirmeli ve makaleleri payla\u015f\u0131m sitelerine y\u00fcklemeliyiz. \u201cA\u00e7\u0131k Eri\u015fim Gerillas\u0131\u201d i\u00e7in sava\u015fmam\u0131z gerekir.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnyada yeteri kadar oldu\u011fumuzda, bilgiyi \u00f6zelle\u015ftirenlere kar\u015f\u0131 yaln\u0131zca g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir mesaj g\u00f6ndermekle kalmayaca\u011f\u0131z \u2013 onu ge\u00e7mi\u015fe g\u00f6mece\u011fiz. Bize kat\u0131lacak m\u0131s\u0131n?<\/p>\n

Aaron Swartz
\nTemmuz 2008, Eremo, \u0130talya
\n————————————–<\/p>\n

Hackathon, bilgisayarc\u0131lar ve di\u011fer kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n belirli bir proje i\u00e7in kod yazmaz\u0131 ve yar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r. Genellikle bir g\u00fcn veya hafta s\u00fcrer. Bilgisayarc\u0131lar belirli bir hedef i\u00e7in belirli gruplara kat\u0131l\u0131r ve kod yazarlar. Bu haftaki hackathon\u2019da k\u00fct\u00fcphaneler, A\u00e7\u0131k Eri\u015fim, OpenLibrary ve halk i\u00e7in bir\u015feyler yap\u0131lacakt\u0131r.”<\/p>\n

Kaynak:<\/strong> Zeki \u00c7elikba\u015f<\/p>\n

Yararland\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kaynaklar<\/p>\n

[1]\u00a0http:\/\/legacy.earlham.edu\/~peters\/fos\/timeline.htm<\/a>
\n[2]\u00a0https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aaron_Swartz<\/a>
\n[3]\u00a0https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aaron_Swartz<\/a>
\n[4]\u00a0https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/James_Madison_Award<\/a>\u00a0ve http:\/\/www.ala.org\/awardsgrants\/awards\/193\/winners\/2013<\/a>
\n[5]\u00a0https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Article_processing_charge<\/a>
\n[6]\u00a0http:\/\/archive.org\/stream\/GuerillaOpenAccessManifesto\/Goamjuly2008_djvu.txt<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Meslekta\u015f\u0131m\u0131z Zeki \u00c7elikba\u015f, internette bilgi \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile a\u00e7\u0131k eri\u015fimi savunan ve sans\u00fcr\u00fcn kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik eylemleriyle tan\u0131nan Aaron Swartz hakk\u0131nda ve a\u00e7\u0131k eri\u015fime dair g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz g\u00fcnlerde mesleki ileti\u015fim listemiz olan K\u00fct\u00fcp_L’de dile getirdi. A\u00e7\u0131k eri\u015fim ile ilgili ger\u00e7eklere de\u011finilen a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki yaz\u0131y\u0131 okuman\u0131z m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr:<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1472,1473,1,1501],"tags":[802],"class_list":["post-17839","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-acik-arsiv","category-acik-erisim","category-genel","category-open-access","tag-aaron-swartz"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bbyhaber.com\/bby\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17839"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bbyhaber.com\/bby\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bbyhaber.com\/bby\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bbyhaber.com\/bby\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bbyhaber.com\/bby\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17839"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.bbyhaber.com\/bby\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17839\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bbyhaber.com\/bby\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17839"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bbyhaber.com\/bby\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17839"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bbyhaber.com\/bby\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17839"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}